Definite and Indefinite Pronoun

1.                       Definite and Indefinite Pronoun

(Ahmad Maulani & Novra Yudio A.)

Definition of Definite Pronoun:

A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun when the noun has already been mentioned. Such as “he”, “she”, “it”. Definite pronoun does refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and definite.

Definition of Indefinite Pronoun:

An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and not definite.

Some Typical Indefinite Pronouns Are:

§  All

§  Another

§  Any

§  Anybody/anyone

§  Anything

§  Each

§  Everybody/everyone/everything

§  Few

§  Many

§  Nobody

§  None

§  One

§  Several

§  Some

§  Somebody/someone

1.      All: The whole quantity of something or of some things or people.

Example:

·         All is forgiven.

·         All have arrived.

2.      Another: An additional or different person or thing.

Example:

·         That ice-cream was good. Can I have another?

3.      Any: no matter how much or how many.

Example:

·         Is any left?

·         Are any coming?

4.      Anybody/anyone: No matter what person.

Example:

·         Can anyone answer this question?

5.      Anything: No matter what thing.

Example:

·         The doctor need to know if you have eaten anything in the last two hours.

6.      Each: Every one of two or more people or things, seen separately.

Example:

·         Each as his own thoughts.

7.      Everybody/everyone: All people.

Example:

·         We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived.

8.      Everything: All things.

Example:

·         They have no house or possessions. They lost everything in the earthquake.

9.      Few: A small number of people or things.

Example:

·         Few have ever disobeyed him and lived.

10.  Many: A large number of people or things.

Example:

·         Many have come already.

11.  Nobody: No person.

Example:

·         Phoned many times but nobody answered.

12.  None: Not any; no person or persons.

Example:

·         They fixed the water so why is none coming out of the tap.

·         I invited five friends but none have come.

13.  One: An unidentified person.

Example:

·         Can one smoke here?

·         All the students arrived but now one is missing.

14.  Several: More than two but not many.

Example:

·         They all complained and several left the meeting.

15.  Some: An unspecific quantity of something; an unspecific number of people or things.

Example:

·         Here is some.

·         Some have arrived.

16.  Somebody/someone: An unspecific or unknown person.

Example:

Ø  Clearly somebody murdered him. It was not suicide.

So, Too, Either, Neither

1.                       So, Too, Either, Neither

(Dinda Heldawati S. & Sri Indriana)

A.    So

So is used to show agreement with positive statements.

To express positive agreement we use:

So + Auxiliary Verb+ Subject

 

Example:

Ø  Nadya likes playing chess. Shandy also likes playing chess

          Nadya likes playing chess and so does Shandy.

B.     Too

Too is used when the verb is in the affirmative form.

We can use:

Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Too

 

Example:

Ø  Nadya like playing chess and Shandy does too.

C.    Either

Either is used when the verb is in the negative form.

To express negative agreement we use:

Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Not + Either

 

Example:

Ø  I do not go to school everyday. Erna does not go to school everyday.

I do not go to school everyday and Erna does not either.

D.    Neither

Neither is used to show agreement with negative statements.

Neither + Auxiliary Verb + Subject

To express negative agreement we use:

Example:

Ø  I do not go to school everyday, neither does Erna.

Expressing Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

Expressing Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

(Ayu P. & Friska G.)

Definition:

1.      Expressing satisfaction      : Expressing good feeling, sense of comfort or happiness.

2.      Expressing dissatisfaction : Expressing lack of satisfaction.

Expressing Satisfaction

·         It is with great pleasure that …!

·         It gives me great satisfaction.

·         I am very pleased with it.

·         A most delightful example of …

·         What a beautiful story!

Expressing Dissatisfaction

·         It’s disappointing that …

·         It is unacceptable.

·         This is the limit I will not take anymore of …

·         Well, this is most unsatisfactory.

·         The concert is so boring.

Examples of Expressing Satisfaction:

§  I am satisfied with the exam result of my students.

§  The good news is satisfying.

§  Te result of your test are satisfactory.

§  Your success will be a great satisfactory to your parents.

Examples of Expressing Dissatisfaction:

§  Nothing satisfied him. He always complaining.

§  The bad news dissatisfied me.

§  The workers were dissatisfied with their salaries.

§  The preparation for basket ball competition is dissatisfying.

§  It is really a dissatisfying preparation.

Public Service Announcement and Posters

1.                       Public Service Announcement and Posters

(Istiningtyas N. & Nova Indriani)

      Definition of Public Service Announcement

Public service announcement/advertisement (PSA) is a free commercial for non profit organization.

      Definition of Posters

A poster is an informative and decorative way to attract the attention to the information in contains.

      Advantages of PSA’s

1.      PSA’s are generally inexpensive

2.      Most stations will allow you to include a telephone number for more information in your PSA.

3.      PSA’s tend to be reallt effective at encouraging the audience to do something.

      How To Write PSA?

1.      Target your audience.

2.      Prioritize your media outlets.

3.      Survey your media outlets to best reach that audience.

      How To Make A Poster?

1.      Make it easy for your readers. If they are badly presented, no one will take time t read them.

2.      The purpose of your poster is to present scientific information. Don’t get carried away using a lot of colors and fonts, which might distract from the presentation of your research.

3.      Your poster is a visual means of information.

      Examples:

§  Public service announcement

o   “This is your brain. This is your brain on drugs. Any question?”

o   “A mind is a terrible thing to waste.”

o   “Friends don’t let friends drive drunk.”

§  Poster

“Only You” can prevent forest fires. Don’t create funeral pyres in the woods!

 

Transitions: Moreover, Furthermore, In Addition, Therefore, Consequently, etc.

1. Transitions: Moreover, Furthermore, In Addition, Therefore, Consequently, etc.

(Clarissa Carolina & Laila Isti Qomah)

Definition:

            Transitions words are certain words, expressions, or other devices that give text or speech greater cohesion by making it more explicit, or signaling, how ideas are meant by the writer or speaker to relate to one another. These are words and phrases that serve as bridges from one idea to the next, one sentence to the next, or one paragraph to the next. They keep the reader from having to find his or her own way and possibly getting lost in the reading.

Transitions can be placed:

• At the beginning of a clause and thus create a compound sentence, as in

I really thought I would win the family basketball pool; however, I made some poor choices.

• At the beginning of a sentence
  However, it would seem that my son will win all the prizes.
• At the end of the sentence
  Chris could keep all the prizes for himself, of course.

Within the sentence
He told me, however, that he would share his prize with me.

Transitions position:

v  Transition word + subject + verb

v  Subject + transition word + verb

v  Subject + verb + transition word

Types of transitions:

      Illustration  : specifically, such as.

      Contrast: however, nevertheless, conversely, contrarily.

      Addition: in addition, beside, moreover, further.

      Time : after, then, finally, next, last.

      Space: above, below, beneath.

      Concession: although, even though, of course, at least.

      Similarity or comparison: similarly, likewise.

      Emphasis: above all, indeed, truly, furthermore.

      Details : in particular, specifically, especially, namely.

      Examples : for instance, for example, thus.

      Consequence or result : consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly.

      Summary : in conclusion, consequently, therefore, finally.

      Suggestion  : to the end, therefore, for this purpose.

Transitions in text:

Descriptive: above, under, near by, among, further, below.

Narrative : after, afterward, later, finally, one day, once.

Expository: in addition, furthermore, moreover, therefore, however, although, consequently.

Examples:

1. He is sick. Therefore, he can’t come.         

2. It is raining hard. Furthermore, Ryan’s house is a long way from school.

3. The test was difficult. In addition, the time was also limited.

4. Marry can read Spanish. However, she can’t speak it.

In text: